Urology
Evidence-based articles on Urology โ conditions, diagnostic approaches, treatments and what to expect from China's specialist hospitals.
Bladder Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer worldwide and the most expensive cancer to treat per patient over a lifetime due to the need for lifelong surveillance. This guide covers transitional cell carcinoma, the critical distinction between non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive disease, how cystoscopy and TURBT diagnose and stage bladder tumours, and the full treatment spectrum from intravesical BCG to radical cystectomy and immunotherapy.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urological condition in men over 50, affecting over 50% of men by age 60 and 90% by age 85. This guide covers why the prostate enlarges with age, the full spectrum of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), how uroflowmetry and cystoscopy diagnose obstruction, and the range of treatments from alpha-blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors to TURP and minimally invasive surgical therapies.
Kidney Stones: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Kidney stones (urolithiasis) affect approximately 10% of adults in developed countries and cause one of the most intense pain experiences in medicine โ renal colic. This guide covers stone types and why they form, how CT urography confirms the diagnosis, when stones pass spontaneously vs when ureteroscopy, shock wave lithotripsy, or percutaneous surgery is needed, and how to prevent recurrence.
Prostate Cancer: Detection, Staging and Treatment
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in developed countries and the second leading cause of male cancer death. This guide covers PSA screening and the controversy around it, how biopsy and MRI diagnose and stage prostate cancer, active surveillance for low-risk disease, radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy for localised disease, and hormone therapy and novel agents for advanced prostate cancer.
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